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外贸小白必知:客户指定货代,你要知道这些流程!

指定货代是指由国外买家指定货代,由该货代负责帮其安排货物运输。通常指FOBEXW等运费到付的货物(即运费由国外买家承担的货物)

 

、指定货代的操作流程

首先,是由买家指定的货代(以下简称国外代理)发邮件或者通过其他联系方式联系其国内的公司或者合作方,告知shipper的联系信息。


其次,国内货代收到shipper的联系信息后,联系shipper询问货物状态,并发送邮件或者通过其他方式告知国外代理。如货物已好,可将预计出运的信息告知对方并询问是否可以安排出运事宜。如使用的国外代理的订舱约号,还要向其索要订舱约号,好提交给船公司。需要特别注意的是,指定货是听收货人的指令,而不是听发货人的,当发货人有任何不符合常规的要求,都必须告知国外代理,在得到国外代理许可后方可安排,否则一律不能接受发货人的要求。尤其是当你第一次操作该发货人的货物的时候,更应该注意。以避免不必要的麻烦。


当得到国外代理的许可指令后,即可安排订舱拖车报关等事宜。当然,长期走货的稳定货物可边订舱边告知对方航次信息。同时,需要问对方,出具何种格式的HBL,通常来说,会是国外代理提供的HBL


安排货物出运期间,如有任何货物状态更新及遇到何种问题,须及时和国外代理沟通。


货物装船出运后,在提单出具以后,需要向国外代理询问handlingcharge是多少,然后连同MBLHBLPSS(profitsharesheet),以及其他清关单证(如代理问你要的情况下)发送给国外代理。


另外,由于同一个国家可能有多个合作的代理,切勿将不同代理之间的货物弄混淆,以免造成不必要的尴尬。而如果自己公司在该国有自己的分公司,也不可将分公司信息透露给国外代理,这样会让国外代理感觉你是和他在竞争,影响了今后的合作。

 


二、 指定货代会有何种风险

由于货代出具给发货人的提单是HBL(货代提单)而不是MBL(船公司提单),而HBL并不能真正达到控制货权的目的,因此会造成国外代理“无单放货”,即国外代理在无HBL的情况下,凭借其拥有MBL从船公司处提取货物后放给收货人,造成发货人货款两空的局面。


当然现在无单放货的情况已经极少了。但当出口商与进口商初次合作时,仍需注意此问题。应尽量催促收货人尽早支付货款。


拓展:关于HBL/MBL/OBL

HBL---HouseB/L(货代单)

MBL---MasterB/L(船东单)

OBL---OriginalB/L(正本单)

 


 三、三者的区别:

签发的主体不一样:MBL是船公司签发的提单,HBL是货代基于MBL出的提单,由货代公司签发。HBL不是想签发就签发,签发HBL的主体起码要在目的港有代理。

抬头不一样,MBL是以船公司为抬头的,HBL是以货代名称为抬头的。


目的方收货方式不同:MBL可以直接向船公司提货,HBL时必须先在目的港向货代的代理换取MBL。然后再凭着MBL去提货,俗称换单。或者由目的港客户凭HBL直接找货代的代理提货。


适用范围不一样:MBL适用于FCL;而LCL,货代只能给客户签HBL,或者电放。因为船公司是不会帮你拼箱的,到目的港也不会帮你分货。这种情况只能出HB/L或者电放。


虽然说船东单(MB/L)是最基本的物权凭证,但是死板,里面的许多条款你无法左右。如果你是做L/C的,但是你在规定的交货期生产不出来,上不了船,那么你可以选择出HB/L,并且要求货代帮你倒签提单。假如你做L/C的,审单的时候你没有发现里面对船的特殊要求(如:船龄,船籍,ISMCODE,运费证明,挂靠港口,船证等等)而船公司又不能出具这些,怎么办?不按要求交单,结不了汇,在L/C没有明确规定不接受货代单的情况下,SHIPPER一般会选择出货代单。


另外就是:在发货方没有收到国外客户的货款的时候,有可能会要求签发货代单以便控制货物,避免钱货两空。


还有一种比较特殊的情况:牵涉到第三方,中间商不想让最终的客户知道货物的来源等其他信息,就有可能要求签发货代单,以达到保护商业秘密的目的。

 

签发船东单对发货人和货代来说都是比较安全的选择。对发货人来讲船东的信誉和安全系数肯定要比货代强,一般情况下都会相信船东,和船东比较对货代肯定有几分不放心。对货代来说也比较安全,不需要用到代理,万一代理卷货走人,货代算是白干了,甚至跟着倒闭。所以整柜出口不到万不得以货代不是很愿意签发货代单。


费用问题:船东单目的港提货一般不会产生什么费用,货代单提货肯定会收取目的港客户的换单费(也有可能由发货人支付给货代,货代另行和代理结算)。

 

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huliu
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